California Per Stirpes Per Capita by Right of Representation

California Per Stirpes, Per Capita, Right of Representation: Understanding Types of Distribution during Estate Administration

When people plan their estate, they typically think they will pass away before most of their younger loved ones. In reality, however, this might not be the case. The initial beneficiaries may pass away before the person who created the estate plan or before the assets are distributed. The executor or administrator handling the estate must have a good understanding of how to handle the distribution of property. Usually, a will or trust describes the different types of distribution during Estate Administration. They include: “California per stirpes,” “per capita by generation,” and “by right of representation.”

What Is a Distribution By Right of Representation?

Say a will or trust states that a beneficiary is to take a distribution by right of representation. This refers to the lineal descendants of the person creating the will or trust. Think of it as a child standing in line to receive their deceased parent’s share of the estate. If the deceased beneficiary had more than one child, the children split their deceased parent’s share equally.

How does this play out in real life?

Imagine your loved one dying, leaving his entire estate to his three children in equal shares. We can refer to these children as A, B, and C. The will also states that if a child has passed away before your loved one, their descendants will take their parent’s share by right of representation. For example, we will envision a scenario where A passed away before your loved one but died having two children of their own. B and C are both still alive. Your loved one’s estate will be divided into three equal shares. B and C will each take their one-third share of the estate. The two children of A will step in to take their deceased parent’s share.

By doing so, they will split one-third of the estate between themselves, for a total of one-sixth of the estate each. Or put another way, A’s children each get half of what would have gone to their parents.

Some people choose a right of representation distribution because they want their estate to be divided equally among one generation of beneficiaries (most often, their children). Often they are not concerned about how those shares are further divided if any of the beneficiaries from the generation they are primarily focused on are no longer living.

Some people do not like the right of representation distributions because they view it as treating different members of the same generation more or less favorably.

In our example above, imagine that child B predeceased your loved one, leaving behind one child of his own. In that case, the children of Child A would each take a one-sixth share of the estate. Child C would take a one-third share of the estate. The child of Child B would also take a one-third share of the estate.

As a result, your loved one’s grandchildren, the children born of child A and child B, are treated differently even though they are cousins and in the same generation.

It is important to note that if the will or trust calls for distribution by “right of representation,” this term is often used interchangeably with “California per stirpes.”

What Is a Per Capita Distribution?

An alternative way of distributing property under a will or trust is per capita. This means taking “by total headcount” or “by the total number of individuals.” If you are administering a will or trust that calls for per capita distributions, all of the living members of the identified group will receive an equal share. If any member of that group is deceased, a claim is not created for them, and the surviving members end up with a larger share of the estate. Sometimes, the will calls for distributions per capita at each generation.

The best way to demonstrate per capita at each generation is through the following example:

1. Your loved one has three children, A, B, and C. A has two children of her own, B has one child, and C has four children.
2. When your loved one dies, A and B have both predeceased her. C is still alive.
3. The estate is divided into three equal shares, each for A, B, and C. C is given one-third of the estate.
4. The remaining two-thirds of the estate is then divided into four equal shares. Then split evenly between the four children of A and B combined. Each grandchild with a predeceased parent is therefore treated equally.

Understanding the terms in a will or trust is not always easy. The good news for trustees and personal representatives is that you do not have to navigate the estate administration process alone.

If you are ready to start your case, then please give us a call or fill out our Get Help Now form. If you want a comprehensive overview of California Probate, then click here. Or, if you have additional questions about trust litigation, you will find plenty of helpful information in our Learning Center.